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Table 4 Unadjusted multinomial logistic regression associations between houselessness, covariates and the frequency of SSP use in the prior 30 days among Rural Opioid Initiative PWID and used an SSP at least once in the prior 30 days (n = 977)

From: Houselessness and syringe service program utilization among people who inject drugs in eight rural areas across the USA: a cross-sectional analysis

Characteristic

Frequency of SSP useb

Twice versus once

Three times versus once

Four or more times versus once

OR

(95% CI)

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Experienced houselessnessa

0.96

(0.65, 1.43)

1.37

(0.87, 2.16)

0.69

(0.49, 0.98)

Genderc

Man

Ref

–

Ref

–

Ref

–

Woman

1.01

(0.69, 1.50)

1.14

(0.75, 1.76)

0.95

(0.67, 1.33)

Age (years)

0.99

(0.97, 1.01)

0.96

(0.94, 0.98)

0.99

(0.97, 1.01)

Raced

White

Ref

–

Ref

–

Ref

–

Native American

0.94

(0.45, 2.01)

1.43

(0.68, 3.01)

1.50

(0.80, 2.81)

Other

0.81

(0.37, 1.79)

0.87

(0.36, 2.13)

0.94

(0.47, 1.88)

Ethnicity

Hispanic

0.55

(0.16, 1.88)

0.65

(0.17, 2.55)

1.20

(0.48, 3.00)

Graduated high school

1.35

(0.79, 2.32)

1.00

(0.57, 1.77)

0.68

(0.44, 1.05)

Received SNAPa

0.98

(0.66, 1.44)

0.88

(0.57, 1.36)

1.08

(0.76, 1.53)

Received food from food pantrya

1.12

(0.76, 1.66)

1.07

(0.70, 1.66)

0.91

(0.64, 1.29)

Drug Useb

Methamphetamine/crystal

0.70

(0.38, 1.27)

0.92

(0.47, 1.80)

0.78

(0.45, 1.35)

Heroin

2.11

(1.38, 3.22)

2.81

(1.69, 4.66)

3.77

(2.50, 5.68)

Street fentanyl

1.28

(0.83, 1.99)

1.57

(0.98, 2.53)

2.08

(1.41, 3.07)

Opiate painkillers

1.04

(0.70, 1.52)

1.90

(1.24, 2.93)

2.50

(1.76, 3.55)

Proximity to SSPe

Walking distance

Ref

–

Ref

–

Ref

–

 < 30-min drive

0.74

(0.49, 1.11)

0.59

(0.37, 0.94)

0.48

(0.33, 0.71)

 > 30-min drive

0.48

(0.24, 0.94)

0.32

(0.13, 0.75)

0.33

(0.17 0.61)

No program reasonably close

0.15

(0.02, 1.34)

0.22

(0.03, 1.94)

0.33

(0.08, 1.32)

  1. Bold indicates statistically significant at p < 0.05
  2. SSP syringe service program, PWID people who inject drugs, OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, SNAP supplemental nutrition assistance program
  3. aReference period: prior 6 months
  4. bReference period: prior 30 days
  5. cBivariate analysis for gender was performed excluding participants who reported an ‘other’ gender category (n = 5) because models would not converge due to small cell sizes
  6. dThe ‘Black’ racial category was combined with ‘other’ for the bivariate analysis of race because models would not converge due to small cell sizes
  7. eBivariate analysis for proximity to SSP was performed excluding participants who reported ‘don’t know how close an SSP is’ (n = 5) because models would not converge due to small cell sizes
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Harm Reduction Journal

ISSN: 1477-7517