Fig. 5

Levels of antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in sera obtained after COVID-19 vaccination of people who use drugs (PWUD), people treated with anti-CD antibodies for Multiple Sclerosis and healthy controls. Note. a-c) The dot plots show levels of antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 measured in sera obtained at indicated time point (x-axis) after the 2nd COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose. Each dot corresponds to a different sample. Sera were obtained from healthy individuals (n = 267), MS patients on anti-CD20 therapy (n = 337)*) and PWUD (n = 25). Signal values were converted to binding units per millilitre (BAU/ml) as described in the methods section. The dashed line corresponds to the detection limit. d-f: The dot plots show inhibitory effects of the sera on binding of ACE2 to RBD (y-axis) versus days after the 2nd COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose. Values below the dashed line are considered to indicate neutralizing activity. *) Based on published data from a cohort of vaccinated patients treated with anti-CD20 antibodies for Multiple Sclerosis [29]