Strategies used to reduce harms associated with fentanyl exposure among rural people who use drugs: multi-site qualitative findings from the rural opioid initiative

Walters, Suzan M.; Baker, Robin; Frank, David; Fadanelli, Monica; Rudolph, Abby E.; Zule, William; Fredericksen, Rob J.; Bolinski, Rebecca; Sibley, Adams L.; Go, Vivian F.; Ouellet, Lawrence J.; Pho, Mai T.; Seal, David W.; Feinberg, Judith; Smith, Gordon; Young, April M.; Stopka, Thomas J.

doi:10.1186/s12954-024-01062-2

Harm Reduction Journal

Table 1 Eligibility criteria and qualitative recruitment method, by site

From: Strategies used to reduce harms associated with fentanyl exposure among rural people who use drugs: multi-site qualitative findings from the rural opioid initiative

Site	Eligibility criteria	Qualitative recruitment method
IL	Age ≥ 15 years	Participation in the study site questionnaire/UG3/ ROI survey (i.e., participation in the quantitative study)
	Current resident in study area
	English-speaking
	Opioid use or methamphetamine injection in past 30 days
	Accepts referral to harm reduction services
KY	Age ≥ 18 years	Participation in the study site questionnaire/UG3/ ROI survey (i.e., participation in the quantitative study)
	Current resident in study area
	English-speaking
	Injected drugs or used opioids to get high within past 30 days
NC	Age ≥ 18 years	Participation in the study site questionnaire/UG3/ ROI survey (i.e., participation in the quantitative study)
	Current resident in study area and intends to stay 12 months
	English-speaking
	Opioid or methamphetamine injection in past 30 days
	Verification by stigmata or appropriate description of injection practices
	Indication in questionnaire of having injected painkillers or heroin
NE	Age ≥ 18 years	Convenience sample of in-depth interview participants through street outreach, venue-based recruitment, and respondent driven sampling from the UG3/ROI survey (i.e., participation in the quantitative study)
	Spent most of the last 30 days in the study area
	Used opioids to get high or injected any drug in the last 30 days
	Able to provide informed consent
	English-speaking
OH	Age ≥ 18	Community partners and key informants
	Current resident in study area
	Used heroin or prescription opioids or injected any type of drug to get high in the past 30 days
OR	Age ≥ 18	Advertisement in community-based and service locations; direct recruitment by service provider and outreach staff
	Current resident in study area
	English-speaking
	Injected any drug or used opioids to get high in the past 30 days
WI	Age ≥ 15	Participation in the study site questionnaire/UG3/ ROI survey (i.e., participation in the quantitative study)
	Current resident in study area
	Injected any opioid drug in the past 30 days
WV	Age ≥ 18	Direct recruitment by outreach staff and service providers of dynamic individuals’ well-known communities of people who use drugs
	Current resident in study area
	Injection drug us in past 30 days

United States abbreviations are as follows: Illinois (IL), Kentucky (KY), North Carolina (NC), New England (NE), Ohio (OH), Oregon (OR), Wisconsin (WI), West Virginia (WV)

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ISSN: 1477-7517

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