Table 1 Applied CFIR constructs and relevant definitions for assessing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) at syringe services programs (SSPs) in the United States
From: Facilitators and barriers to monitoring and evaluation at syringe service programs
Domain | Construct | Definition |
|---|---|---|
Intervention Characteristics: Aspects of data systems that impact M&E | Adaptability | How an M&E system would need to be tailored to fit the SSP’s environment. |
Complexity | Perceived difficulty of implementing an M&E system into the SSP | |
Cost | Cost associated with launching and/or maintaining an M&E system and how that impacts perspectives on M&E | |
Design quality & packaging | Perception of the quality of the current M&E system | |
Evidence strength & quality | Resources that would support M&E practices, how M&E impacts SSP services, and evidence required to get staff on board for an M&E system | |
Innovation source | Who developed the M&E system and what was considered during its development | |
Relative advantage | Perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of changing M&E practices/system | |
Outer Setting: Features of an external legal or social context that may influence implementation of M&E | Cosmopolitanism | The information accessed from other SSPs and if it has any impact on views of M&E systems |
External policy and setting | The performance measures, guidelines, policies, regulations, and/or fiscal/other incentives that influenced the M&E system | |
Patient needs and resources | If and how an M&E system would change services provided to clients and if that system would introduce new barriers or facilitators to clients accessing services | |
Peer pressure | How an M&E framework could give the SSP an advantage compared to other SSPs | |
Inner Setting: Features of implementing SSPs that may impact implementation or effectiveness of M&E activities (e.g., the organizational goals and priorities of the SSP) | Access to knowledge & information | The type of training the SSP would require to launch and maintain a new M&E system as well as who currently provides M&E related support |
Available resources | Where the majority of the SSP’s funding comes from and if there would be sufficient resources to launch, maintain, and administer an M&E system | |
Compatibility | How well a new M&E system would fit within the SSP’s norms and values | |
Culture | The SSPs general beliefs and values how those impact implementation of an M&E system | |
Implementation climate | The absorptive capacity for change, shared receptivity of involved individuals to an innovation and the extent to which M&E will be rewarded and supported within the SSP | |
Learning climate | The extent at which members of the SSP feel like they can try new things to improve work processes | |
Organization incentives & rewards | The SSP’s current goals and how they are monitored for progress | |
Readiness for implementation | Tangible and immediate indicators of organizational commitment to its decision to implement a M&E system | |
Relative priority | The SSP’s current highest priority initiatives | |
Structural characteristics | The social architecture, age, maturity, and size of the SSP | |
Tension for change | The degree to which the current M&E situation is perceived as needing to change | |
Characteristics of Individuals: Individuals involved in implementation, such as SSP staff and volunteers, and how they engage in data collection and evaluation | Knowledge & beliefs about the intervention | Perception of colleagues’ confidence in implementing a M&E system at the SSP |
Self-efficacy | Individual belief in own capabilities to execute courses of action to achieve M&E goals | |
Process: Strategies and key SSP stakeholders that may influence the effectiveness of M&E | Engaging: Champions | The people within the SSP who will likely champion the M&E efforts |
Engaging: Key stakeholders | The key individuals to get on board with a new M&E system and how they should be engaged | |
Engaging: Opinion leaders | Individuals in the SSP who have the most influence over the development/implementation of a new M&E system | |
Engaging: Participants | Whether the SSP would need to communicate with clients about changes to the M&E system | |
Planning | The degree to which a plan or method for implementing M&E is developed in advance and the quality of those plans |