Table 1 Baseline Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics

Age (Mean, SD)

62.4 (12.0)

64.7 (10.0)

62.1 (10.7)

Geographic region (N, %)

 Northeast

14 (5.7%)

1,895 (15.8%)

1,695 (15.2%)

 North Central

91 (36.8%)

5,335 (44.4%)

4,533 (40.6%)

 South

130 (52.6%)

4,008 (33.4%)

4,293 (38.4%)

 West

12 (4.9%)

765 (6.4%)

638 (5.7%)

 Unknown

(0.0%)

10 (0.1%)

8 (0.1%)

Residence in an urban/rural area (N, %)

 Urban

167 (67.6%)

9,702 (80.8%)

8,954 (80.2%)

 Rural

79 (32.0%)

2,282 (19.0%)

2,192 (19.6%)

 Unknown

1 (0.4%)

29 (0.2%)

21 (0.2%)

Insurance plan type¹(N, %)

 Comprehensive

50 (20.2%)

3,331 (27.7%)

2,998 (26.9%)

 EPO/PPO

137 (55.5%)

5,737 (47.8%)

5,443 (48.7%)

 HMO

25 (10.1%)

1,222 (10.2%)

1,057 (9.5%)

 POS/POS with capitation

9 (3.6%)

528 (4.4%)

562 (5.0%)

 CDHP/HDHP

26 (10.5%)

1,108 (9.2%)

991 (8.9%)

 Other/unknown

(0.0%)

87 (0.7%)

116 (1.0%)

Payer (N, %)

 Commercial

145 (58.7%)

6,223 (51.8%)

6,640 (59.5%)

 Medicare supplemental

74 (30.0%)

4,331 (36.1%)

3,648 (32.7%)

 Medicare advantage

28 (11.3%)

1,459 (12.2%)

879 (7.9%)

Index year (N, %)

 2015

24 (9.7%)

2,186 (18.2%)

2,781 (24.9%)

 2016

64 (25.9%)

2,455 (20.4%)

2,597 (23.3%)

 2017

52 (21.1%)

2,048 (17.1%)

1,910 (17.1%)

 2018

28 (11.3%)

1,555 (12.9%)

1,381 (12.4%)

 2019

28 (11.3%)

1,754 (14.6%)

1,133 (10.2%)

 2020

36 (14.6%)

1,158 (9.6%)

812 (7.3%)

 2021

15 (6.1%)

857 (7.1%)

553 (5.0%)

Clinical Characteristics (N, %)

 Any COPD exacerbations

122 (49.4%)

5,933 (49.4%)

4,878 (43.7%)

 Count of COPD exacerbations

1.5 (1.0)

1.7 (1.1)

1.5 (0.9)

 Acute respiratory illness (including pneumonia)

102 (41.3%)

5,104 (42.5%)

3,804 (34.1%)

 Anxiety

60 (24.3%)

1,905 (15.9%)

1,837 (16.5%)

 Asthma

49 (19.8%)

1,555 (12.9%)

1,078 (9.7%)

 Atrial fibrillation

39 (15.8%)

1,768 (14.7%)

1,033 (9.3%)

 Cancer

46 (18.6%)

2,491 (20.7%)

1,443 (12.9%)

 Chronic Kidney Disease

23 (9.3%)

1,440 (12.0%)

981 (8.8%)

 Coronary Heart Disease

80 (32.4%)

4,286 (35.7%)

3,097 (27.7%)

 Depression

43 (17.4%)

1,662 (13.8%)

1,642 (14.7%)

 Dyslipidemia

136 (55.1%)

7,398 (61.6%)

6,211 (55.6%)

 Diabetes

72 (29.2%)

3,227 (26.9%)

2,880 (25.8%)

 Emphysema

39 (15.8%)

2,227 (18.5%)

1,091 (9.8%)

 Heart Failure

39 (15.8%)

2,022 (16.8%)

1,153 (10.3%)

 Hypertension

181 (73.3%)

8,610 (71.7%)

7,509 (67.2%)

 Nuclear cataract

17 (6.9%)

1,233 (10.3%)

969 (8.7%)

 Obesity

69 (27.9%)

2,760 (23.0%)

1,930 (17.3%)

 Osteoarthritis

75 (30.4%)

2,806 (23.4%)

2,409 (21.6%)

 Peripheral arterial disease

23 (9.3%)

1,462 (12.2%)

1,171 (10.5%)

 Sleep Apnea

65 (26.3%)

2,799 (23.3%)

1,921 (17.2%)

 Sleep Disorder

25 (10.1%)

1,299 (10.8%)

1,038 (9.3%)

Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index (Mean, SD)

2.9 (2.3)

3.1 (2.5)

2.6 (2.2)