Table 3 Difference-in-difference generalized linear model estimates for total healthcare costs with Puhani recycled predictions, adjusted for COPD exacerbation and DCI (Adjusted Model)

Cohort (reference = CS)

0.35

0.02

< 0.001

0.32

0.10

< 0.001

Time (reference = pre-index period)

-0.07

0.02

< 0.001

-0.07

0.02

< 0.001

Cohort X Time

-0.10

0.03

< 0.001

-0.19

0.11

0.08

Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index

0.24

0.003

< 0.001

0.27

0.005

< 0.001

COPD Exacerbation

0.15

0.01

< 0.001

0.16

0.01

< 0.001

Cohort (reference = CS)

Estimated differences in changes of costs associated with changes in smoking behavior

-$2,910

(-$4,485, $-1,335)

804

< 0.001

-$5,312

(-$11,067, $442)

2,936

0.08