Fig. 1

CONSORT flow diagram showing how analyzed participants in the present study were selected and retained. a Thirteen participants were screened twice but are counted only once in the flowchart. b Other reasons for exclusions were unspecified (n = 14), incomplete screening (n = 4), failure to complete baseline visit within a 28-day time window (n = 3), and incarceration (n = 1). c One participant attempted suicide and withdrew consent six days later. ASI, Addiction Severity Index Self-Report; TLFB, Timeline Follow-Back; BUP/NX, buprenorphine/naloxone; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; n, number of participants; OAT, opioid agonist treatment; POUD, prescription-type opioid use disorder; SAE, serious adverse events