Impact of UNODC/WHO S-O-S (stop-overdose-safely) training on opioid overdose knowledge and attitudes among people at high or low risk of opioid overdose in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Ukraine

Table 3 Multivariable (MV) regression of BOOK and OOAS overall and subscale pre-post change scores (Mean and SD) and selected exposures, by overdose risk category

	BOOK						OOAS
	High risk of opioid overdose			Low risk of opioid overdose			High risk of opioid overdose			Low risk of opioid overdose
	Mean	SD	MV regression	Mean	SD	MV regression	Mean	SD	MV regression	Mean	SD	MV regression
Sex
Male	2.1	2.7	ref	4.7	4.2	ref	11.0	11.5	ref	19.3	13.2	ref
Female	2.1	2.4	0 (-0.2-0.2)	5.3	4.1	-0.1 (-0.2–0.3)	10.3	9.6	-0.3 (-1.7-1.2)	19.5	11.8	-0.9 (-2.4-0.4)
Age category
< 25 years	4.1	3.0	0.2 (-0.9-1.2)	4.8	4.2	0.6 (-0.5-0.6)	20.0	16.3	4.5 (-2.2-11.1)	18.3	10.1	-2.3 (-5.6-0.9)
25–29 years	2.2	2.6	0.2 (-0.2-0.7)	4.4	4.1	0.5 (0.0-0.9)*	14.4	13.6	0.1 (-2.8-3)	21.6	13.2	0.9 (-1.7-3.4)
30–39 years	2.0	2.5	-0.5 (-0.8–0.1)**	5.9	4.1	0.0 (-0.3-0.4)	10.1	10.4	-2.5 (-4.4–0.6)**	20.2	12.8	-2.6(-4.6–0.6)*
40–49 years	2.1	2.8	-0.3 (-0.6-0.0)*	5.0	4.2	0.3 (-0.1-0.6)	11.2	11.2	-1.2 (-3.1-0.8)	18.3	12.4	-0.9 (-2.9-1.2)
> 50 years	2.1	2.5	ref	3.9	3.9	ref	10.3	11.5	ref	18.7	12.4	ref
DAST-10
No-substantial level problems	2.1	2.7	ref	-	-	-	11.4	11.3	ref	-	-	-
Severe level problems	2.0	2.5	0 (-0.2-0.2)	-	-	-	10.5	11.0	0.5 (-0.7-1.7)	-	-	-
Current drug treatment
Yes	2.0	2.8	ref			-	10.4	11.7	ref			-
No	2.1	2.5	0.6 (0.4–0.8)***			-	11.1	10.8	1.3 (0.1–2.4)*			-
Ever overdosed
Yes	2.0	2.5	ref			-	11.1	10.9	ref			-
No	2.2	2.9	-0.3 (-0.5-0)*			-	10.2	11.7	-0.6 (-2-0.7)			-
Ever witnessed an overdose
Yes	2.0	2.6	ref	3.6	3.7	ref	10.9	11.0	ref	15.8	12.1	ref
No	3.1	2.9	0.1 (-0.3-0.5)	7.7	3.7	0.5 (0.2–0.8)**	10.7	13.0	-2.3 (-4.9-0.3)	25.9	10.6	0.1 (-1.5-1.8)

Note. Multivariable regression analyses controlled for baseline score. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001

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