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Table 5 Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with self-reported HIV-positive status of men who inject drugs, Afghanistan

From: Recent HIV testing and self-reported HIV prevalence among men who inject drugs in Afghanistan: a nationwide survey in 2019–2020

Characteristics

Crude

Adjusted

OR

95%CI

P value

OR

95%CI

P value

City*

        

 Kabul

Ref.

       

 Herat

0.02

0.01

0.06

< 0.001

0.03

0.01

0.13

< 0.001

 Mazar-i-sharif

0.01

0.00

0.04

< 0.001

0.01

0

0.03

< 0.001

 Jalalabad

0.22

0.12

0.41

< 0.001

0.05

0.01

0.19

< 0.001

 Kunduz

0.01

0.00

0.05

< 0.001

0.01

0

0.04

< 0.001

 Faizabad

0.29

0.01

5.85

0.419

0.88

0.02

36.16

0.946

 Kandahar

0.05

0.02

0.13

< 0.001

0.03

0.01

0.14

< 0.001

 Zarang

Not Reliable*

    

Language**

        

 Pashtoo

Ref.

       

 Dari

0.62

0.4

0.95

0.029

0.36

0.15

0.88

0.025

 Uzbek

Not Reliable

    

Age

        

 18–24

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 25–34

1.33

0.78

2.27

0.291

1.19

0.57

2.45

0.643

 35–44

2.24

1.24

4.03

0.008

1.55

0.67

3.59

0.302

 45+

1.67

0.88

3.17

0.120

0.84

0.33

2.14

0.715

Marital Status

        

 Single

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Married and living with his partner

2.13

1.47

3.1

< 0.001

1.46

0.84

2.54

0.174

 Married but not living with partner

1.24

0.82

1.88

0.307

1.2

0.61

2.33

0.596

 Separated/divorced/Widowed

0.32

0.1

1.09

0.069

0.75

0.2

2.87

0.672

Heroin use in the last month

        

 No

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Yes

0.39

0.07

2.31

0.298

0.75

0.05

10.75

0.828

Cocaine use in the last month

        

 No

Ref.

  

Ref.

Ref.

   

 Yes

0.54

0.11

2.62

0.444

1.66

0.29

9.36

0.565

Opium use in the last month

        

 No

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Yes

0.21

0.05

0.87

0.031

0.13

0.04

0.51

0.003

Amphetamines and methamphetamine use in the last month

 No

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Yes

3.83

2.40

6.09

< 0.001

0.56

0.23

1.36

0.202

Prescribed drug use in the last month

 No

Ref.

   

Ref.

   

 Yes

0.4

0.1300

1.28

0.122

1.82

0.32

10.32

0.496

Time of last injection

        

 Within the last 1 month

Ref.

  

Ref.

Ref.

   

 Within the last 3 months

0.27

0.12

0.62

0.002

0.61

0.26

1.44

0.258

 Within the last 12 months

0.08

0.03

0.21

< 0.001

0.28

0.09

0.9

0.032

Ever oral and anal sex with other men

       

 Yes

Ref.

  

Ref.

Ref.

   

 No

2.28

0.65

8.02

0.197

2.55

0.79

8.22

0.118

  1. * Zarang city was excluded due to a small number of respondents with HIV positive status ** Uzbek ethnic group was excluded
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Harm Reduction Journal

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