Table 9 Estimated RRs for use of ECIGs for individual studies and biomarkers and combined

BOE

Acrylamide

AAMA

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

1.21 (0.75–1.97)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

1.13 (0.69–1.87)

Perez et al. (2021) [78]

1.33 (0.83–2.12)

GAMA

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

0.96 (0.73–1.26)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

2.08 (1.71–2.53)

Acrylonitrile

CYMA

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

3.13 (2.68–3.65)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

2.12 (1.74 -2.57)

Perez et al. (2021) [78]

2.36 (1.97–2.84)

Andersen et al. (2022) [38]

1.72 (1.39–2.14)

HEMA

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

1.13 (0.77–1.66)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

1.86 (1.37–2.54)

Scherer et al. (2023) [21]

0.45 (0.26–0.76)

Anabasine

NAB

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

1.60 (0.77–3.33)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

1.85 (0.94–3.67)

Scherer et al. (2022) [19]

1.03 (0.43–2.50)

Xia et al. (2021) [66]

1.67 (0.81–3.42)

Anatabine

NAT

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

1.59 (0.66–3.86)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

1.94 (0.87–4.33)

Scherer et al. (2022) [19]

0.41 (0.10–1.72)

Xia et al. (2021) [66]

1.67 (0.70–3.97)

Phenanthrene

2/3-OH-Phe

Anic et al. (2022) [27]

1.37 (0.89–2.11)

Goniewicz et al. (2018) [34]

1.26 (0.80–1.96)

4-OH-Phe

Scherer et al. (2022) [20]

0.18 (0.07–0.42)

BOPH

Adhesion molecule

sICAM-1

Christensen et al. (2021) [70]

1.26 (0.93–1.71)

Oliveri et al. (2020) [77]

1.45 (1.09–1.93)

Perez et al. (2021) [78]

1.53 (1.16–2.02)

Stokes et al. (2021) [81]

2.65 (2.15–3.27)

Interleukin

IL-6

Christensen et al. (2021) [70]

0.39 (0.20–0.77)

Perez et al. (2021) [78]

1.65 (1.11–2.48)

Stokes et al. (2021) [81]

3.21 (2.44–4.24)

BOE

All

1.88 (1.55–2.28)

BOPH

All

1.89 (1.23–2.91)

All

All

1.88 (1.60–2.22)